Correlation between Serum Vitamin A and D Levels in Acute Phase Ischemic Stroke and Clinical Outcome

1. INTRODUCTION

Stroke is one of the cerebral vascular diseases, which is categorized as the third cause of death after heart disease and malignancy and is the number one cause of long-term disability in the world. According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), 15 million of the world's population experience stroke each year. Of this number, 5 million died, and 5 million suffered permanent disability [1, 2].

According to data from Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS), stroke is a syndrome that ranks number one of non-communicable diseases in Indonesia, which causes death and disability of 15.4%. There was an increase in stroke prevalence based on interviews (based on the answers of respondents who had been diagnosed with health problems and symptoms) from 8.3 per 1000 (2007) to 12.1 per 1000 (2013). Stroke prevalence in Indonesia based on the diagnosis of health personnel is 7 per 1000 and diagnosed by health, or symptom personnel is 12.1 per 1000. Stroke prevalence is based on the highest diagnosis of health in North Sulawesi (10.8 ‰), followed by Special Region (DI) Yogyakarta (10.3 ‰), Bangka Belitung and the Special Capital Region (DKI) Jakarta, respectively 9.7 per 1000. The prevalence of stroke is based on diagnosed health problems and the highest symptoms are in South Sulawesi (17.9 ‰), Jogjakarta (16.9 ‰), Central Sulawesi (16.6 ‰), followed by East Java at 16 per mile [3, 4].

The process of atherosclerosis is characterized by arterial remodeling that causes progressive subendothelial plaque accumulation, through a complex set of cellular processes that occur in the arterial wall with inflammation playing an important role in various phases. In the last decade, a number of studies have examined the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and cardiovascular risk. The results show that hypovitaminosis D can cause atheroma and supplementation of vitamin D can prevent the risk of vascular disease [5].

Besides vitamin D, the latest evidence shows that vitamin A (retinol) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Plasma retinol levels are inversely proportional to the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality. Research has shown that patients with coronary heart disease or atherosclerosis show retinol levels that are significantly lower than controls [6]. Vitamin A is a nutrient that affects the immune response through multiple mechanisms. For example, from the results of the study, vitamin A appears to help produce B cells from Immunoglobulin A (IgA) by up-regulating IL-6 [7]. Retinoic Acid (RA), a bioactive derivative of vitamin A and an important differentiation factor during the development of vertebrates, has been found to participate in neuron and vascular development. Increasing evidence shows that RA signaling pathways provide an important mechanism for the regulation of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) ​​in the neurovascular system. The effect of RA protection on BBB further reduces cerebral damage in Ischemic Stroke. The development of future clinical experiments can identify RA as a potential target for the treatment of neurovascular disease [8, 9]. Retinol and its derivatives act biologically via specific nuclear receptors that regulate gene transcription. RA receptors can also interact with other nuclear receptors that have neuroprotective effects such as neuroprotective vitamin D against stroke. In addition, the nucleus receptors can also form dimers with thyroid hormone receptors, and thyroid hormone derivatives are protective against tissue infarction. Thus, the neuroprotective effects of retinol and RA can be mediated by the formation of heterodimers with other nuclear receptors [10]. Although there are many studies that suggested the synergism of vitamin A and D, there is still no study that evaluates their levels simultaneously in acute phase ischemic stroke, and the relationship to outcome. Thus, this study will analyze the correlation between serum vitamin A and D levels on admission in Acute Ischemic Stroke patients and clinical outcome by using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS).

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Patients were selected from the stroke unit of the Neurology Department, Adam Malik General Hospital in Medan - Indonesia, between the period of May 2018 to February 2019. The design of this study was a prospective cohort, and overall study samples were followed since the diagnosis of acute-phase Ischemic Stroke was established until the clinical outcome of day 14 after stroke onset. There was a total of 50 subjects enrolled in this study. All of the standard treatments for Ischemic Stroke were given equally for all subjects, and cardioembolic stroke was excluded. Patients who was currently consuming supplements containing vitamin A or D on admission were also excluded, as to exclude any possible interaction with vitamin serum levels. Clinical outcome was determined using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). Subjects who met the inclusion criteria would be examined for serum levels of vitamin A and D. On the 14^th day, all subjects were assessed for NIHSS as a clinical outcome. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (1964), and the protocol was approved by the Health Research Ethical Committee, Medical Faculty, University of Sumatera Utara, number: 392/TGL/KEPK FK-USU-RSUP HAM/2018.

3. RESULTS

Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of subjects and also the mean serum level of vitamin A and D on admission. In all examined subjects, the mean serum level of vitamin A and D in the acute phase of Ischemic Stroke were 463.35 ± 116.97 µg/L and 21.65 ± 6.51 ng/mL, respectively (Table 1). By using the Spearman’s correlation test, it was found that the acute phase vitamin A level and NIHSS on day 14 had a significant and strong correlation with p = 0.045 (r = -0.672). Along with it, vitamin D levels and NIHSS also had a significant and strong correlation with p = 0.026 (r = -0.754), as shown in Table 2. Both of these results showed that vitamin A and D had an inverse association with NIHSS, meaning that the higher vitamin A and D serum levels, the better the clinical outcome will be.

4. DISCUSSION

The results of this study indicated that serum levels of vitamins A and D in ischemic stroke patients on admission appeared to have a significant correlation to NIHSS on day 14. Various studies have also shown that vitamins A and D are very important for healthy immune responses on mucosal surfaces. These vitamins are interrelated because they differ binding to heterodimeric receptors (AR-RXR; VDR-RXR), which, in turn, affect the expression of immune response genes [11, 12].

In the last decade, a number of studies have examined the relationship between serum vitamin D concentration and cardiovascular risk. The results show that hypovitaminosis D can cause atheroma and supplementation of vitamin D can prevent the risk of vascular disease [5] Vitamin D can act as neuroprotection through a variety of mechanisms, such as antioxidant / anti-inflammatory mechanisms, inhibition of nitric oxide synthase, regulation of neuronal calcium, detoxification pathways or increased nerve conduction [13]. Over time, it is seen that vitamin D deficiency often occurs throughout the world and is associated with several chronic health problems, including cerebrovascular [14-16]. In vitro and studies in animals, vitamin D deficiency affected the activity / expression of macrophages and lymphocytes on atherosclerotic plaques that cause chronic inflammation in the arterial wall. Furthermore, vitamin D has also been seen as a potent inhibitor of foam cell formation, also triggering angiogenesis in endothelial cells. In particular, vitamin D modulates the immune system / inflammation by regulating the production of inflammatory cytokines and inhibits pro-inflammatory cell proliferation, both of which are important in the pathogenesis of systemic and vascular inflammation that causes atherogenesis [5, 14].

Besides vitamin D, the latest evidence shows that vitamin A (retinol) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. Plasma retinol levels are inversely proportional to the risk of cardiovascular disease mortality. Research has shown that patients with coronary heart disease or atherosclerosis show retinol levels that are significantly lower than controls [6]. Vitamin A is a nutrient that affects the immune response through multiple mechanisms. For example, from the results of the study, vitamin A appears to help produce B cells from Immunoglobulin A (IgA) by up-regulating IL-6 [7].

Research conducted by Ikeda et al. in 2010 found that vitamin D synergistically suppressed Th17 cell formation through a combination with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). In addition, it was also found that vitamin D and ATRA significantly inhibited the development of human Th17 cells from CD4 + T cells. 1,25D3 and ATRA effectively suppress the expression of mRNA from IL-1R1, IL-21R, IL-23R, RORC, and AHR in human T cells. Thus, vitamin D and ATRA have a synergistic effect on Th17 cell formation, indicating that a combination of vitamin D and vitamin A will have a strong therapeutic effect on the immune system. Retinoid signaling is mediated through retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR), which generally form RXR / RAR heterodimers, and vitamin D signaling is transduced by VDR and RXR. As vitamin D and ATRA share RXR as a general receptor, and its function in Th17 is considered similar, the study tested whether vitamin D and ATRA had an additive or synergistic effect on Th17. As expected, the combination of 1,25D₃ with ATRA greatly inhibits Th17 cells compared to the same dose for vitamin D or ATRA alone [17].

Retinoic Acid (RA), a bioactive derivative of vitamin A and an important differentiation factor during the development of vertebrates, has been found to participate in neuron and vascular development. Increasing evidence shows that RA signaling pathways provide an important mechanism for the regulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) ​​in the neurovascular system. The effect of RA protection on BBB further reduces cerebral damage in Ischemic Stroke. The development of future clinical experiments can identify RA as a potential target for the treatment of neurovascular disease [8]. Vitamin D Receptor (VDR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, mediates the action of the biological form of vitamin D. After activation, the vitamin D receptor (VDR) binds specifically to the Vitamin D Response Element (VDRE), as heterodimer with the Retinoid X Receptor (RXR), and then modulate the target gene expression. Activation of VDR by vitamin D or its analogues has been reported to show the protective effects of atherosclerosis in several animal experiments [5, 18].

Those previous researches supported the findings in this current research. This research found that there were strong correlations between both vitamin A and D on admission and NIHSS on day 14, where the correlation was reversed; the higher the concentration of vitamins A and D, the lower the value of NIHSS. This supported the theory of work synergism between vitamin A and vitamin D, that the combination of vitamins A and D will make their performance increased, compared to when alone. Ultimately, both serum vitamin A and D levels in the acute phase of Ischemic Stroke was found to be correlated strongly with the short-term clinical outcome of 14 days.

CONCLUSION

Both serum vitamin A and D levels in the acute phase of Ischemic Stroke was correlated strongly with short time clinical outcome. The higher vitamin A and D serum levels in the acute phase, the better the clinical outcome would be for Ischemic Stroke patients.

REFERENCES